European Journal of Sports Science Technology

The Effect of Using Cross-Training on Developing Some Physiological Indicators and Jump-Shooting Performance in Young Basketball Players

Asst. Prof. Dr. Afrah Rahman Kadhim — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to explore the effect of cross-training on some physiological indicators and jump shooing performance in young basketball players. The researcher adopted an experimental approach, where a sample of young players was selected and divided into two groups: an experimental group that underwent cross-training, and a control group that continued with traditional training.

The training program lasted (6) weeks and included various exercises aimed at enhancing physical fitness and technical skills associated with scoring. The results showed superiority of the experimental group in physiological indicators, in addition to a significant improvement in jump-shooing performance.

The researcher concluded that cross-training is an effective method for enhancing the physical and skill aspects of young basketball players. Accordingly, he recommended incorporating it into training programs for this group, while expanding its study to include various skills and age groups

The Effect of Educational Games on Learning Some Chemical Element Concepts and Developing Some Motor Skills among Students with Learning Disabilities

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ajjad Madlool Abbas — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Learning through educational games is an important method, as it is preferred for this age group, especially if it is combined with or coupled with the development of mental agility, motor skills, and scientific aspects, including chemical symbols. Hence, the importance of this research, which focuses on the use of educational games in learning some chemical element concepts and developing some motor skills among students with learning disabilities. The research problem of acquiring and memorizing chemical symbols is challenging for students, especially those with learning disabilities in chemistry. Developing their mental ability also requires the use of diverse methods and activities appropriate to the student's age. The methods used to learn symbols and develop mental ability are not limited to a specific activity, but must be diversified to include a variety of activities. Among these activities is the educational method through games.

The research aims to identify the effect of the learning method using educational games on learning some concepts of chemical elements and developing some motor skills among students with learning disabilities.

In light of the test results, their analysis, and discussion, the researcher reached conclusions, including that the learning method using educational games had a clear impact on developing the motor skills and intelligence levels of students with learning disabilities in memorizing chemical symbols

Psychological Well-being and Its Relationship to Emotional Stability among Fourth-Year Students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon

Asst. Lect. Zahraa Mohammed Hadi — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Psychological well-being is a comprehensive cognitive framework that highlights a variety of essential elements that significantly contribute to enhancing and improving the quality of psychological life of students. Emotional stability is the ability to deal with emotions in a positive and healthy manner, without negatively impacting their mental health or social life. It effectively helps students manage and cope with their emotions, enhancing their ability to face challenges that may arise. This study aims to identify the correlation between psychological well-being and emotional stability among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon, and to derive an equation to predict emotional stability through psychological well-being among fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using a survey method, correlational and predictive relationships, which is appropriate for the nature of the study. The research community was determined as fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (114) students, and the main experimental sample was (80) students. A psychological well-being scale was applied with (20) items, and an emotional stability scale with (25) items with five-choice answer options was applied. The research yielded a set of conclusions, including the emergence of a significant direct correlation between psychological well-being and emotional stability among fourth-year students. Among the recommendations recommended by the researcher is to activate the role of psychological counseling centers in universities and colleges to support students' psychological well-being and emotional stability.

The Effect of Using Some Assistive Aids on Developing Explosive Ability and Accuracy of Scoring Skills among First-Year Female Futsal Students

Asst. Rafid Abdul Amir Mahdi — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to identify the effect of using some assistive aids on developing lower-limb explosive ability and scoring skill accuracy among first-year female futsal students.

The researcher used the experimental approach by designing two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of (20) female students divided into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent a training program using assistive aids for six weeks, while the control group continued with the regular program.

The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in both explosive ability and scoring accuracy. The researcher recommended the use of assistive aids in skill training programs for female futsal students.

تأثير أستراتيجية التلمذة المعرفية في تعلم مهارتي التمرير والدحرجة بكرة القدم للطلاب

Asst. Lect. Alaa Abdul Hussein Saleh — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The research aims to identify the effect of the cognitive apprenticeship strategy on students' learning of passing and dribbling skills in football, and to identify the differences between the control and experimental groups in learning the skills of passing and dribbling in football. The researcher adopted the experimental approach using the two equivalent groups (control, experimental). The research community was determined as first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon, for the academic year (2024-2025), totaling (256) students. A sample of (24) students was selected, distributed equally into two groups (experimental, control), each group consisting of (12) students. Pre- and post-tests were conducted on the soccer passing and dribbling skills, and instructional units were implemented between the two tests. The first five steps of the cognitive apprenticeship strategy (modeling, scaffolding, reflection, exploration, and expression) were used in the instructional portion of the main section of the instructional unit. The sixth step (training) was used in the practical portion of the main section of the instructional unit. (8) Instructional units were implemented, divided over (4) weeks, with two units per week. The duration of each instructional unit was (90) minutes. The research yielded a set of conclusions, including that the cognitive apprenticeship strategy had a positive impact on students' learning and performance of the soccer passing and dribbling skills. The cognitive apprenticeship strategy increased students' cognitive and skill knowledge, thus leading to better learning of the skills. Among the researcher's recommendations is the use of the cognitive apprenticeship strategy in learning to perform soccer skills, as it supports social interaction and the exchange of experiences among students. The researcher also emphasized the use of educational illustrations and the provision of display screens to display the technical performance steps of the skills to students.

The Effect of Specialized Exercises on Developing Motor Response Time for Tennis Reception in Third-Year Students

Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to develop specific exercises to develop motor response time in tennis serve reception skills for third-year students, and to identify the effect of specific exercises on improving motor response time in receiving for the research sample. The researcher used the single-group experimental method due to its suitability to solve the nature of the research problem. The research community was represented by third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Baghdad, while the research sample included (10) third-year students, numbering (35), who were intentionally selected. After conducting a pre-test for the research sample, the main experiment was implemented on January 21, 2025, corresponding to Tuesday, at exactly (11:30) in the morning. The researcher took into account the gradual progression of the exercises applied and focused on correct performance by providing appropriate rest between repetitions so as not to affect correct performance. High repetitions were performed in a proportional manner, and motor response exercises were continued at a rate of one training unit per week, with each unit lasting (20-25) minutes for a period of (8) weeks. A post-test was then conducted under the same conditions. The most important conclusion was the presence of a weakness in the motor response time of the research sample members in tennis.

The Effect of Specialized Exercises on Developing Performance Endurance and Achievement in Young Weightlifters

Asst. Lect. Hamza Emad Hamza Al-Jaryan — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Weightlifting is a sport that requires high levels of physical and physiological abilities, particularly performance endurance, which plays an important role in achieving outstanding achievements. Training in this sport aims to develop endurance and muscular strength in particular, through customized training programs tailored to the requirements of competition. The researcher observed a disparity in performance endurance among young weightlifters in the Hashemite District, which may be due to the varying quality of training programs followed. Therefore, a specialized and integrated exercise program was designed that focuses on improving performance endurance to suit the nature and requirements of weightlifting. The study was conducted on 12 young male players aged 18 to 22 years. The study was conducted for 8 weeks, with three training sessions per week, at the Heroes' Land Gym in Al-Madhatiyah, Babil Governorate. The experimental approach was used with pre- and post-test measurements to determine the program's impact on the research sample. The results of the study showed a significant and noticeable improvement in performance endurance in the experimental group that underwent the program, compared to the control group, which experienced no statistically significant changes. This reflects the effectiveness of specific exercises in developing the endurance capabilities of weightlifters.

The efficacy of employing educational activities based on the guided imagination method and its influence on the acquisition of certain defensive abilities in boxing among students

Asst. Prof. Dr. Aqeel Abdul Jabbar Abdul Rasool — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of the present study is to ascertain the efficacy of educational exercises in this regard. This approach aligns with the strategy of guided imagination in the context of learning defensive boxing skills for students. The researcher employed an experimental approach by formulating two experimental groups. The subject is administered educational exercises in accordance with the strategy of guided visualization. The group's activities are subject to regulation in accordance with the conventional curriculum that has been endorsed by the institution.

The research community was selected by the intentional method from the second-stage students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon for the academic year 2024-2025. The student body was comprised of 240 individuals. The random method was employed to select the research sample. Ten students were selected to participate in the experimental group. Ten students constituted the control group. (5) Students representing the survey sample were selected.

Following the administration of tests and the implementation of exercises, the results were statistically processed using a statistical software package. The researcher's findings yielded the following conclusions: students' performance in defensive boxing skills exhibited improvement after the implementation of educational exercises based on the strategy of guided visualization. The most salient recommendations are as follows: the incorporation of educational exercises based on the strategy of guided imagination into educational programs or sports training for boxing.

The effect of using the competitive method in learning some basic football skills for beginners aged (12-14) years

Asst. Dr. Haider Ali Hadi Abdul-Issawi — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aims to identify the effect of using the competitive method in learning some basic football skills. The research sample was intentionally selected from a specialized football school in Babylon, aged 12-14 years. The research aims to identify the effect of using the competitive method in learning some basic football skills.

The researcher hypothesized the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, in favor of the post-test, as well as statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in learning some basic football skills. Among the most important conclusions and recommendations made by the researcher are:

1. The group that learned using the competitive method achieved improvement in learning most football skills compared to the group that learned using the traditional method.

2- Directing the attention of teachers and coaches in the field of sports to using the competitive method as a means of learning basic football skills.

Designing and Building of a scale for evaluating the management and organization of volleyball championships

Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose: Progress and advancement in almost all area can only be recognized through measurement. In fact, Measurement is regarded as one of the most important tools of assessing and diagnosing point of weakness and strength in the topic under measurement such as championship organization. The importance of the research lies in the necessity of informing those who are responsible for and interested in volleyball that there should be a measurement that can give an objective value to assess the administrative and organizational aspects of championships, usually prearranged by the Central Federation in association with the committee of organization. Such a statistic can be an evidence that reflects the extent of the progress achieved in the organization of championships and the efforts of the officials in charge of these events as well.

Problem: As for the problem of the research, it revolves around questioning the organizers of the championships about the value of the success of the efforts they spend in the process of organizing these championships as well as the value of the success which the championship made on the level of organization. Most of the answers of such questions take the form of subjective estimates. Because of the absence of a scale for this administrative and organizational case giving an objective number of measuring the level of organization.

Method: these researchers using the descriptive method in building the scale and applying it to the committees of management and organization of the championships of volleyball, depending on the data of some of these championships (40 championships) as the research sample. The scientific foundations of the scale (validity, reliability, objectivity, discriminating ability, and degree of difficulty) have been collected.

Results: The level of organization and management of most of the volleyball championships in Iraq is characterized by weakness, and the lowest degree of organization was (34.23%), and some of them did not exceed the good level (72.96%).

Conclusion: this scale should be necessarily used for indicating the degree of evaluation of the administrative and organizational aspects for any levels and in any championships of volleyball.

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Specific Endurance for Épée Fencing Athletes

Asst. Dr. Karar Talib Muslim, Prof. Dr. Essam Talib Abbas — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the specific endurance of foil fencing players. An experimental method was implemented using a two-group pretest-posttest design (control and experimental groups). The research population consisted of foil fencing players from the Physical Education and Sports Sciences College at the University of Babylon, totaling 12 players. Ten players were selected for the main experiment, while two were excluded for the exploratory trial. The sample was randomly divided into two equal groups, with five players in each group: one control and one experimental.

The researchers utilized both Arabic and foreign sources, personal interviews, and observations. The key findings indicated that high-intensity interval training had a positive impact on improving the specific endurance of foil fencing players in the experimental group. Additionally, the HIIT exercises showed a clear advantage over conventional training methods used by the control group. One of the main recommendations is the necessity of employing high-intensity interval training to develop the physical and motor abilities specific to the sport of fencing.

Financial sustainability as a function of the leadership intelligence of presidents Clubs participating in shooting from the members’ point of view

Asst. Prof. Dr. Alaa Hassan Ali — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The research aims to identify the correlation between financial sustainability and leadership intelligence of the heads of sports clubs participating in the shooting game from the viewpoint of the members of the clubs, and to develop a predictive equation of financial sustainability through leadership intelligence of the heads of sports clubs participating in the shooting game from the viewpoint of the members of the clubs. The researcher followed the descriptive approach of surveying, associative and predictive relationships to fit the study's nature. The research community identifies members of sports clubs participating in the Iraqi Championship of Applicants to Shoot Air Weapons 10 m The 131 (men, women) represented 16 clubs, and the construction sample of the two measurements included (88) members and the main application sample of (74) members, and the number of paragraphs of the financial sustainability measure (15) A paragraph representing three areas (strategic planning, effective management, and professionalism) and the Leadership Intelligence Scale paragraphs (18) accounted for three areas: (Emotional, rational, spiritual) and answer alternatives to quinquennial scales: (Always, often, sometimes, rarely, never) and patch key (5, 4, 3, 2, 1). The research produced a series of conclusions, including a moral correlation between leadership intelligence and the financial sustainability of the heads of the sports clubs participating in the shooting tournament. and develop a predictive equation of financial sustainability through the leadership intelligence of the heads of the sports clubs participating in the shooting tournament, The researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including the development of management programs for leadership intelligence variable with his areas for the development of sports club workers and reliance on modern management policies according to the global evolution to provide financial liquidity to sports clubs through reliance on leadership intelligence strategies in business management.

The Effect of Special Exercises on the Explosive Power of the Arms and the Accuracy of the Straight Punch in Young Boxers

Asst. lect. Mustafa Alaa Abdul Amir — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The research aims to identify the effect of special exercises on developing the explosive power of the arms and the speed and accuracy of the straight punch in youth boxing. The experimental method was used, designing two equivalent groups: experimental and control. The research community was represented by the young players of the Babylon Boxing Club, aged (15-17) years, totaling (16) players. The main research sample consisted of (8) players per group. The researcher conducted a pilot experiment on (3) players. The researcher also used testing, measurement, and observation, in addition to Arab and foreign sources relevant to the subject of the study. The most important results indicated that: The special exercises showed a clear effectiveness in Developing the explosive power of the arms of the experimental group compared to the control group. Specific exercises significantly improved the accuracy and speed of the straight punch, with the experimental group outperforming the control group in the post-test results in a statistically significant manner. The main recommendations indicated the need to conduct periodic tests to measure the development of physical and skill performance among boxers to evaluate training programs and improve their effectiveness. Trainers should be encouraged to use a variety of training methods (such as repetitive exercises, plyometrics, and resistance training) according to the requirements of each training phase.

The Effect of Special Exercises on Developing Motor Response Speed and the Skills of Euro Step Layup and Floater Shoot for Basketball Players Under 16

Asst. Lect. Mustafa Fadhil Khudair — Mon, 25 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The significance of this research lies in preparing special exercises to develop motor response speed and the skills of Euro Step Layup and Floater Shoot for basketball players under 16 years of age. These exercises were designed to enhance players’ ability to perceive situations, analyze information, and make the correct decision. The research problem was identified in the difficulties faced by some players in motor response speed, which directly influences decision-making during offensive construction under defensive congestion. Additionally, a weakness was observed in the performance of the Euro Step Layup and Floater Shoot skills, which are now essential alternatives to the traditional layup. The research aimed to investigate the impact of these special exercises on developing motor response speed and the two aforementioned skills among under-16 basketball players. The researcher employed the experimental method with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests, as it suited the nature of the research. The sample consisted of 12 players from Al-Rawdhatain Sports Club, registered in the Iraqi Basketball Federation activities for the 2024–2025 season. They were randomly divided into two groups of six players each. Pre-tests were conducted on Saturday, 2 November 2024, at 3:00 PM in Al-Hindiya Sports Hall, Karbala. The special exercises prepared by the researcher began on Wednesday, 6 November 2024, during part of the main training session, and concluded on Sunday, 29 December 2024, lasting for eight weeks with three training units per week. Appropriate statistical methods were applied to analyze the pre- and post-test results, leading to the following conclusions:

- The effectiveness of the special exercises in developing motor response speed, Euro Step Layup, and Floater Shoot skills.

- Statistically significant differences were observed in favor of the experimental group across motor response speed, Euro Step Layup, and Floater Shoot skills.