European Journal of Sports Science Technology

The effect of high-intensity interval training exercises according to the fatigue index on the endurance of basketball players under 18 years of age

Ahmed Kate Saleh — 2024-03-25

The research aims to prepare high-intensity interval training exercises according to the fatigue index, which would have an impact on the endurance of basketball players under 18 years old, and to identify the effect of these exercises. The problem of the research is that most players become increasingly tired early during play, which leads to weakness. In motor performance, because the game requires movement, transfer, and rapid exchange of players between sides of the field, this in turn reflects the decline in physical capabilities, especially the ability to endure speed, endure strength, and endure performance, as well as the failure to use appropriate training methods to raise the level of players’ ability. The research population was determined by the Diwaniyah Governorate players, who numbered (24 basketball players under the age of 18 years), and the research sample was chosen by (16 players). According to the results reached by the researcher, he came to the following conclusions:

The exercises in the high-intensity interval method, according to the fatigue index, contributed to the development of special endurance abilities (speed endurance, strength endurance, and performance endurance), and there is an advantage with a positive effect of the exercises in favor of the experimental group.

Predicting performance according to the F.L.S program in terms of positive energy among basketball players

Karar Fadel Muhammad Ali Hussein — 2024-03-25

The positive energy of the members of the basketball team is one of the important elements that motivates the team, like the strength of one man. Positive energy contributes to pushing the basketball player to love competition, no matter how difficult, strong, or intense it is. Therefore, positive energy is the most important ingredient for the success of the basketball team, and a team that has energy Positive: He can cope with difficulties and compete with teams or competitors stronger than him in order to benefit from the point of confrontation between them as experience or victory over them as a result of the love of competition and their possession of this important component in the team. From all of the above, the current study will work to answer a group of questions, including:

1-Is there a correlation between prediction and positive energy among basketball players in Iraq?

2-Are there direct effects of prediction on the positive energy of basketball players in Iraq?

The research population was determined from players in the Iraqi Premier Basketball League registered in the records of the Central Basketball Federation, numbering (132) players, distributed among the (excellent) sports teams. The researcher built a positive energy scale to achieve the intended purpose of measuring positive energy among basketball players. To be a tool for measuring it among players in sports. The researchers concluded:

1-The results showed that the differences in the positive energy scale and its dimensions were significant and in favor of the achieved arithmetic mean.

2-The results in the positive energy scale showed that the dimension of happiness and optimism was ranked first, achievement motivation was ranked second, emotional stability was ranked third, and positive thinking was ranked fourth.

3-The results showed that the differences in predicting performance were significant and in favor of the achieved arithmetic mean.

Participatory leadership among heads of sports clubs from the coaches’ point of view

Asst. Dr. Abbas Okla Badi — 2024-03-25

Sports administration has paid attention to the issue of leadership and its types in the sports field, and its impact on achieving objective goals and objectives shows the reality of management and personality development among heads of sports clubs, coaches, and players. Leadership is the essence of the administrative process and its effective engine. It makes management more dynamic and effective and acts as a driving tool for achieving goals and improving social interaction between people. members and maintaining their cohesion, and through the researcher’s observation of the leadership methods used by club presidents with subordinates, through attending meetings or sports festivals, the researcher noted some training units, as well as his attendance at a number of Premier League volleyball matches, in addition to his meetings with a number of coaches and players, the researcher noted that there Participatory leadership among club presidents is the implantation of the personality of a leader in the hearts of all employees in the organization, and the delegation of powers to them in order to achieve achievement. The research aims to identify the level of participatory leadership among heads of sports clubs from the point of view of coaches. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit the nature of sports clubs. The research problem: “Descriptive research” aims to determine the conditions and relationships that exist between facts and appearances. The research sample was coaches of group sports (football - volleyball - basketball - handball) in Iraq, and their number reached (260) coaches. The researcher concluded that leadership Participation increases the activity of individuals and different groups, as it is a form of social interaction between the leader and the members of his group. As for the recommendations, the most important of them was the necessity of instilling the democratic spirit, personal qualities, and the spirit of cooperation in the hearts of the players, as they are future coaches and leaders.

The effect of special exercises similar to performance conditions in developing some skills among second-year intermediate basketball students

Asst. Lect. Doaa Ahmed Hadi — 2024-03-25

Basketball is considered one of the most widespread team games among countries in the world. This game requires players to be constantly moving between attack and defense. Therefore, players must have the ability to perform basketball skills in all situations during the real match, and this requires the coach to prepare exercises. Especially for skills that are similar to the circumstances and situations in which the players are during the match, as the research sample consisted of (12) players and ages (14-16) years, as special exercises were applied to the experimental research group for (8) weeks and in each week (3) Training modules. Taking into account the correct regulation of work and rest times in the exercises prepared by the researchers within the training units, it was concluded that the exercises prepared by the researchers and used on the experimental group showed remarkable superiority in all skill tests.

Formal feedback and its relationship to improving the learning rate for the skill of football suppression for those aged (11-13) years

Asst. Dr. Talib Musa Nasser — 2024-03-25

This research aims to employ visual (visual) feedback to improve the rate of learning the football suppression skill for young people aged (11-13) years.

The researcher used the experimental method and designed the experimental and control group. He chose the research community intentionally from the students of Al-Tali’ah Intermediate School for Boys affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate - Baghdad, who numbered (30) students.

In the main experiment, the researcher used formal feedback on the experimental group, leaving the second (control) group to the traditional educational contexts followed by the teacher, using general feedback in its various forms (verbal, written, external, internal... etc., for a period of four weeks and two educational units). For each week, the total number of educational units became (8) educational units. Through that experiment, the researcher concluded that the pictorial (visual) feedback, with its video presentations or the display of physical sensory images, had achieved the significant differences that the researcher sought, which is the experimental group’s improvement in learning the skill of suppression.

The percentage of contribution of the quantitative effect of some biochemical variables to pessimism and optimism among emerging boxers

Asst. Dr Ali Abdel Kadhim Al Khafaji — 2024-03-25

The game of boxing is one of the important sports, especially since it concerns boxers who are affected by various physical, physiological, and psychological influences...etc. The researchers’ interest was in answering the following question: What is the percentage of contribution of biochemical variables in the pessimism or optimism of young boxers in achieving achievement? The most important objectives of the research were the percentage of contribution. Quantitative effect: The percentage of contribution of the quantitative effect of some of the investigated biochemical variables to pessimism and optimism among emerging boxers. As for the research methodology, the researchers chose the descriptive method using the survey method and correlational relationships, for its suitability and the nature of the research. The sample and research community were emerging boxers in Babil Governorate, numbering (60) boxers who took the comprehensive inventory method. A measure of optimism and pessimism was prepared, and an exploratory experiment was conducted to extract the scientific foundations, after which the main experiment was conducted. The researchers reached a number of results, the most important of which is that all biochemical variables (glucose, catalase, lactic aldehyde, blood oxygen saturation ratio) had a large impact on optimism and pessimism for budding boxers. As for the most important recommendations, it was important to pay attention to the younger age groups of boxers and analyze all their physiological and psychological variables in addition to their skills in order for them to reach achievement.

The effect of the (k.w.L) strategy on satisfaction with learning and developing the skills of serving and receiving volleyball for students

Asst. Lect. Hanan Hussein Abdel Khudair — 2024-03-25

The goal of the study is to identify the effect of the (k.w.L) strategy on satisfaction with learning and developing the skills of serving and receiving volleyball for students in the fourth stage of the academic year (2022-2023), College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon. The researchers assumed that there is an effect of the strategy on satisfaction with Learning and developing the performance of the skills of serving and receiving the serve in volleyball among fourth-stage students. The researchers identified their research population as the students of the fourth stage of the academic year (2022-2023) of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon, who numbered (148) students. The study sample was chosen (30) students for the main sample and (10) students for the exploratory experiment. The researchers concluded that the measure of satisfaction with learning, which was built according to scientific foundations, is valid for application to the research sample, and this gave positive results after conducting the pre- and post-tests, where a positive effect of the strategy resulted in satisfaction with learning and the development of the skills of serving and receiving the serve in volleyball for the students.

A comparison in self-engineering between female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon

Asst. Lect Rafid Abdul Amir Mahdi Ahmed — 2024-03-25

The research aims to compare self-engineering between female students of different stages of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Babylon, and to identify the level of self-engineering among female students.

The researcher used the descriptive approach in the form of a survey study and correlational relations. The research population was determined by the female students of the four stages in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Babylon, who numbered (128) students. The researcher chose (15) of them from each stage randomly, that is, (60) female students representing a sample. The research, then the researcher applied the self-engineering scale and comparison between the four different stages on the research sample. The results were extracted and appropriate statistical treatments were used to reach the results. After that, the results were presented, analyzed and discussed. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, among which the female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences excelled. At the University of Babylon in self-engineering, the female students of the third stage topped all the female students of the other stages in self-engineering, followed by the female students of the fourth stage, then the female students of the second stage, then the female students of the first stage. Based on the findings of the research, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations, including directing female students to the possibility of benefiting from educational and learning institutions.

The effect of compatibility and movement exercises on developing the attacking skill by changing direction in fencing for young men

Asst. Lect. Nofal Iyad Mahdi Saleh — 2024-03-25

The research aimed to prepare combinatorial exercises to develop the performance level of the skill of attacking by changing direction in fencing for young players, and to identify the attack by changing direction among young players, and to identify the effect of combinatorial exercises on developing the attack by changing direction in fencing for young players. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of solving the problem. For the research, the sample was chosen intentionally: players from Diyala clubs in fencing for youth under the age of 17 years. In a random way, the sample for the research was chosen: players from the Martyr Arkan Sports Club in fencing, numbering (10) players. The experimental group represented the experimental group .

Through the results that emerged, the researchers reached the development of the motor coordination abilities of the members of the experimental group, as well as the development of the experimental group in the motor coordination abilities with statistical significance compared to the control group, as well as the development of the skill performance of all the skills under study for the members of the experimental and control groups. The research sample achieved Skill tests have good development rates, and from the results that emerged, researchers recommend the necessity of adopting harmonic motor exercises in fencing training units for their benefit in developing the level of performance of some epee skills, and adopting other exercises to develop the level of performance, and using harmonic motor exercises to identify their effect on other skills. And benefit from conducting similar studies on the fencing sword, the Arab sword, and other categories.

The effect of the Murder strategies and the systematic approach in teaching the backhand and serve skills in tennis to students

Asst. Dr. Prof. Imad Kazem Thajeel Rassan — 2024-03-25

The importance of the research lies in the use of two modern strategies in teaching backhand and serve skills in tennis to students for the purpose of addressing the differences between students and working according to modern principles that may lead them to achieve integration in the lesson and make the educational process positive. As for the research problem, the researcher found a fluctuation in the level of performance. This may be due to some teachers not using modern strategies and experimenting with them to keep pace with scientific and technological development to contribute to raising and developing the level of learners in performing the researched skills, or using modern strategies that do not show or take into account individual differences between learners. The aims of the research are to prepare educational units according to the two researched strategies and to identify them. As a result of the two strategies used in teaching the two skills to learners, the research community included three groups of third-level students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Dhi Qar University, and the sample was represented by two experimental groups. As for the conclusions, the most important of them was the superiority of the group that worked according to the systemic approach strategy over the group that I worked according to the Murder strategy, but the most important recommendations are the emphasis on taking into account individual differences among learners to choose the most appropriate strategies and teaching methods to reach the desired goal, which is to raise the level of skill performance and increase the effectiveness of the educational process.

The effect of a physical rehabilitation program and Chinese acupuncture on lower back pain in butterfly swimmers

Asst. Hani Khalil Ibrahim — 2024-03-25

The research aims to design a physical rehabilitation program and Chinese acupuncture and its effect on the electricity of the spinal muscles, reducing the intensity of pain, and improving the flexibility of the spine and the strength of the muscles of the lumbar region for butterfly swimmers. The experimental method was used for two experimental groups through pre- and post-measurement to suit the nature of the research. It included (8) advanced butterfly swimmers with lower back pain, aged between (19-21) years. The sample was divided into two experimental groups, the first and the second group underwent the physical rehabilitation program, noting that the second group used Chinese acupuncture with the physical rehabilitation program in order to achieve the goal of the study. The results of the research and the statistical processes used showed that, within the limits of the goal and hypothesis of the research, the following conclusions were reached, which are that the physical rehabilitation program and Chinese acupuncture have a greater effect than the physical rehabilitation program alone, which led to improvement in muscle electricity and reduction of pain. The researcher recommended using a physical rehabilitation program with Chinese acupuncture to improve the electrical activity of the back muscles, prevent lower back pain, and avoid feeling pain in the area of athletes’ injuries.

Professional pressures among secondary school teachers

Asst. Prof. Dr. Nawras Karim Obaid Al-Zubaidi — 2024-03-25

The current research aims to identify the professional pressures among secondary school teachers in Babil Governorate, and the statistically significant differences in the professional pressures among secondary school teachers according to the gender variable. The research sample consisted of (50) subjects and were distributed as follows: (25) teachers and (25) schools were chosen. In a random manner, the researchers adopted Mr. Ibrahim Al-Samadouni’s scale (1999), as a tool to measure the professional pressures of teachers, and using appropriate statistical methods, the results of the study concluded that the sample does not have professional pressures, and there are no statistically significant differences between the professional pressures according to the gender variable at the level Significance (0,05).

The effectiveness of a guidance program in enhancing the level of ambition for young basketball players

Asst. Sahar Yassin Abbas — 2024-03-25

The level of ambition is a characteristic of the player's personality and is one of the dimensions in its composition because it is among the variables that affect the player's behavior. It varies from player to player. It is one of the most important motivations that urge athletes to be active and exert more effort to reach the desired goal. The level of ambition plays an important role in the life of the athlete because it is the dynamic interaction in the various aspects of the personality. It is the level of behavior that the athlete expects to reach on the basis of his abilities and potential. The level of ambition is linked to the physical and mental aspects that bring about development. Researchers have found that the athlete’s level of ambition is the basis of achievement . The researchers prepared a guidance program to enhance the level of ambition for young basketball players and use it in a way that is proportionate to the size of the player’s numbers and to know the extent of its impact on the player’s numbers. The research aims to identify the level of ambition of Al-Hilla Club players in the youth category for the year 2023. Preparing a guidance program to enhance the level of ambition of Al-Hilla Club players.

The researchers used the descriptive method using the survey method to identify the level of ambition, as well as the experimental method to implement the extension program to solve the research problem. The research community was limited to the Al-Hilla Club youth basketball players, who numbered (26) players, and the most important conclusions were:

1-The training included in the guidance program is effective in enhancing the level of ambition for Al-Hilla Club players in the youth category for the year 2023.

2-The followed training program is effective in enhancing the level of ambition for the Al-Hilla Club youth basketball players for the year 2023.

Keywords: effectiveness, guidance program, level of ambition

The effect of peer teaching strategy on the speed and accuracy of a fencing player’s behavior

Asst. Dr Abbas Khader Hamza — 2024-03-25

Through the experience of the researcher, who is one of the game’s teachers, the teaching method and methods play a prominent role in transmitting the educational material. The teaching process is closely linked to the abilities and quality of the students in using methods and methods that suit the individual differences of the students. Through the researcher’s knowledge of the preliminary studies, he noticed that the majority of teachers rely on Based on the old traditional methods and methods in the education process, the peer strategy can serve motor behavior, as diversification in the implementation of the motor skill will generate a flexible motor program that benefits the learner in the changing circumstances of skill performance. From here, the research problem crystallized for the researcher to attempt to implement one of the (peer) teaching methods. As a modern cooperative method in the game of fencing, hoping to bring about a positive change in the level of performance, to replace the traditional patterns that have become out of keeping with the needs of society in raising its generations according to the types set for them. The aim of the research is to:

1- Preparing an educational program using the peer teaching strategy on the speed and accuracy of a fencing player’s behavior.

2- Knowing the effect of peer teaching strategy on the speed and accuracy of a fencing player’s behavior.

1- The (peer) teaching strategy outperformed the lecture method in the speed of students’ motor behavior in fencing.

2- The peer teaching strategy outperformed the lecture method in the accuracy of students’ motor behavior in fencing.

3- The peer teaching strategy was characterized by stimulating students’ thinking compared to the lecture method.

Keywords: peer teaching strategy, speed and accuracy of fencing player’s behavior.

Emotional balance and its relationship to the offensive performance of football academies players in Babil Governorate at the age of 14 years

Asst. Kazem Abdel Hamza Kazem Abbas — 2024-03-25

The research aims to identify the degree of emotional balance and offensive performance of football academies players in Babil Governorate at the age of 14 years, and to identify the relationship between emotional balance and offensive performance of football academies players in Babil Governorate at the age of 14 years.

The researcher relied on the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational studies, and the research community included players from football academies in Babylon Governorate aged (14 years) who numbered (150) players for the 2021-2022 season. Choosing (55) players as a basic research sample, the Emotional Balance Scale with its 41 items was applied, offensive football skills tests (dribbling, handling, scoring) were applied, and the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to process the data.

The researcher concluded that the players of the football academies in Babil Governorate enjoy high emotional balance and a good level of performance in offensive skills in football, and there is a significant correlation between emotional balance and the performance of offensive skills in football. The researcher recommends the need for coaches to pay attention to psychological variables, especially the emotional balance of the player, in order to reach the highest level of skill performance, and to pay attention to conducting more psychological tests because of their impact on the level of performance in all football skills.

Classroom management problems for physical education teachers in secondary schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate

Lect. Dr. Saif Sajid Yasser — 2023-12-25

Classroom management is an important element of the modern educational system, because it brings together two factors, the first of which is the management factor, which is characterized by comprehensiveness and generality, and the second is the world of education, which is characterized by a specificity that differs somewhat from the world of administration, because modern classroom management affects all elements of the system, including inputs, outputs, and feedback from Here comes this study that sheds light on the sources of classroom management problems in middle schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. Specifically, the current study attempts to answer the following question (What are the problems of classroom management in middle schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for teachers of physical education and sports sciences). The research aims to prepare a scale. Classroom management problems for physical education and sports science teachers in middle schools in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The total sample numbered (215) teachers and schools. The researchers prepared a scale for classroom management problems and identified the most important of these problems. The researchers concluded:

1-Preparing a scale of classroom management problems for physical education and sports science teachers in secondary schools in Diwaniyah Governorate.

2-The students’ level of motivation is clearly low

3-Lack of teacher experience in strategies for modifying student behavior

4- The teacher does not deal firmly with students’ undesirable behavior

The effect of the experiential learning strategy in developing offensive tactical skills (static situations) for students in football

Saif Al-Haq Jassim — 2024-03-25

The increasing interest in teaching strategies, updating and developing them, so that they are compatible with the requirements of the culture of thinking and developing creativity in terms of their compatibility with contemporary and constructivist learning theories, the researcher noticed a lack in the performance of offensive tactical skills and the adoption of their performance in a simplified manner and how to deal with these skills and situations, through the use of a learning strategy. The experience that ensures the implementation of these skills in an organized manner serves the correct motor paths for performing these skills. The study aimed to build a measure of creative thinking and test the offensive tactical skills in football for students, and identify the effect of the experiential learning strategy on creative thinking and the development of offensive tactical skills in football for students, and realize The relationship between them. The researcher used the descriptive approach to the measurements and the experimental method by designing the two equal groups. The researcher built a measure of offensive tactical skills and designed a playing performance evaluation form. The researcher concluded that the experiential learning strategy transformed the subject of football into a meaning closer to understanding by the students, linking the information stored in his memory with new information, to form new information and concepts about the subject, and the learner used high thinking skills while learning this strategy, including the skills of analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and awareness. Self-knowledge and self-organization of knowledge.

The effect of FUII BODY WORKOUT exercises on developing some physical abilities and defensive skills for 17/18 year old basketball players

Asst. Lect. Fadel Tariq Amin Abdul Karim Al-Zubaidi — 2024-03-25

Choosing the appropriate training methods is one of the factors that is given great importance in modern sports training, and among these training methods is FUII BODY WORKOUT style exercises, which is one of the training systems that relies on exercising all the muscles of the body in just one training day instead of exercising each group of muscles. Muscles on a separate day.

The research problem: Through the researchers following the basketball game and through watching, they noticed that there is a decrease in the level of defensive skills among basketball players in the last minutes of the match, which the researcher attributes this to a decrease in some physical abilities, which negatively affects the level of performance of defensive skills among players. Basketball, 17/18 year olds category.

The research aims to prepare exercises in the FUII BODY WORKOUT style and to identify the effect of the exercises on some physical abilities and some defensive skills for basketball players aged 17/18 years.

The experimental approach was used in a one-group manner, and it was conducted on players of the Popular Mobilization Forces Sports Club. Pre- and post-tests were conducted for the research variables.

It was concluded that the exercises prepared in the FUII BODY WORKOUT style proved their importance and role in the sporting aspect and brought about development in some of the physical abilities and defensive skills of the players of the Popular Mobilization Forces Sports Club.

The effect of using a problem-solving strategy in developing volleyball smashes

Asst. Lect. Atyab Mahdi Hadi — 2024-03-25

The problem-solving strategy is one of the most important educational methods that can be used to enhance students’ problem-solving skills. Some skills are difficult and require following appropriate teaching methods and techniques that give the learner great opportunities to learn and comprehend many simple motor skills, including The complex.

The game of volleyball contains many basic defensive and offensive skills that lead the team to victory if the team performs them skillfully and quickly. The smash hit is one of the decisive offensive skills, so through it a point can be obtained as a result of the development in skill performance in this game.

Hence, the research problem arises in using a method that differs from the traditional method followed in learning the skill of smashing, which is a method of solving problems through an experimental study that deals with learning the skill of smashing for students of physical education and sports sciences, so that they can find many solutions to reach the correct performance in a new creative way.

The research aims to: identify the effect of using the problem-solving method in learning the skill of hitting volleyball for students. The researchers concluded that teaching in the problem-solving method contributed to improving the learning of motor skills among the members of the research sample. The problem-solving method was more effective than the gradual (ordinary) method in improving the skill among the members of the research sample, especially when learning the skill of crushing multiplication in the diagonal direction.

Modeling the causal relationship between adaptive competence and metacognitive thinking abilities and students' competitive football behavior.

Asst. Lect. Wahab Razzaq Jebr — 2024-03-25

The study aimed to identify the level of adaptive competence, metacognitive thinking skills, and competitive behavior in football for students. As well as identifying, through path analysis, the direct and indirect effects of adaptive competence and metacognitive thinking skills on students’ competitive behavior in football. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the style of survey studies and the causal relationships method to build a path analysis model. The research community included students of the first stage of morning study at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Al-Qasim Green University for the academic year (2023-2024). They numbered (190) students. (10) Students were randomly selected to conduct the exploratory experiment, (120) students were chosen to conduct the statistical analysis of the 3 scale items, and (60) students were chosen to conduct the main experiment. The researchers processed the data by using the statistical package. For Social Sciences (SPSS), twenty-fifth edition, and AMOS, twenty-fourth edition. The research confirms the validity of the causal model for path analysis, highlighting the importance of independent, mediating, and dependent variables, and the emergence of direct and indirect effects.