European Journal of Sports Science Technology

The Impact of Visual Training on Improving the Defensive Performance of Badminton Players

Dr. Mohammed Othman Saad — 2025-12-01

This research aims to improve the defensive performance of the Iraqi national badminton team by developing a training program to enhance the visual abilities of players registered with the Iraqi Badminton Federation and improve the accuracy of certain defensive strokes. The research sample consisted of (26) badminton players registered at the Iraqi Badminton Federation's training center, as this was deemed suitable for the research. A pilot sample of (10) players was selected to conduct the scientific procedures for the research tests. The main research sample of (16) players was then selected and divided into an experimental group of (8) players and a control group of (8) players.

The most important finding was that the proposed training program improved all physical, visual, and defensive skills tests for the experimental group. The program also resulted in the experimental group outperforming the control group in these physical, visual, and defensive skills tests.

From Generative to Agentic: How AI Shapes the Future of Work

Dr Emad Al-Mahdawi — 2025-12-01

Artificial intelligence has developed from basic automation into more complex systems which demonstrate creativity and autonomous capabilities in recent years. The three most popular AI developments include Generative AI, AI Agents, and Agentic AI, which represent distinct levels of intelligence, autonomy, and functionality. The terms Generative AI, AI Agents, and Agentic AI represent separate concepts within AI despite being classified under the same category (Sakhare et al., 2025; Sapkota et al., 2025). Users and researchers, together with professionals and decision-makers, need to understand these distinctions because they determine the appropriate AI capabilities for their specific requirements. The three AI models serve distinct functions in industries through their ability to generate text, automate tasks, and achieve complex goals independently. The analysis includes simple definitions and explanations, together with comparative applications to differentiate between the three fast-emerging AI models.

The transition from traditional AI systems to modern agentic frameworks represents a major transformation in computer thinking capabilities. The development of multi-agent systems and expert systems established fundamental principles which led to new concepts about distributed intelligence and social action between independent agents. These initial systems operated mainly through predefined rules and symbolic reasoning methods. Modern AI systems lack the learning-driven and context-aware features that these early systems did not possess. Large language models introduced significant changes to this field. Modern systems have progressed beyond basic reactions because they now possess advanced reasoning and planning capabilities. The technological evolution resulted in multiple AI systems with varying degrees of autonomy and decision-making capabilities. The implementation of these systems requires careful consideration regarding their appropriate deployment locations and methods (Sapkota et al., 2025).

The Impact of Competitive Educational Games on Female Futsal Students' Dribbling and Passing Skills

Ghaith Fadhil Naji — 2025-12-01

Exercise is the cornerstone of any educational unit, as it is through exercise that performance levels can be learned and developed. Given that physical education lessons are limited to movements that follow a specific form of execution, lacking excitement and motivation, and considering the weakness in learning some basic skills (dribbling and passing) among female futsal students, and given that the curriculum does not include competitive educational games, the researchers, drawing on their teaching experience, decided to add another form that increases motivation and excitement while also achieving and developing the skill. This was done by developing educational games specifically for first-year students, as they represent the initial core in the learning process, especially in the field of futsal. The research aimed to develop competitive educational games and determine their impact on students' learning of dribbling and passing skills in futsal.

The most important conclusions are:

-1Competitive educational games contributed to students' learning of dribbling and passing skills in futsal.

-2The methodology used showed improvement in students' learning of dribbling and passing skills in futsal.

-3Competitive educational games proved more effective in teaching students dribbling and passing skills in futsal.

The Effect of Wrestling Training on Muscular Strength and Aerobic and Anaerobic Endurance

Mohammed Hashim Mohammed Omran — 2025-12-01

This research aims to identify the effect of wrestling training on developing essential physical components, including muscular strength and aerobic and anaerobic endurance, given the crucial role these components play in enhancing the physical and technical performance of wrestlers. The study employed a structured training program that included wrestling-specific exercises and supplementary exercises targeting the major muscle groups, while varying the intensity and duration of the training load to suit the demands of the sport.

The results showed a significant improvement in muscular strength among participants due to increased neuromuscular adaptation. Furthermore, an increase in the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory systems was observed, which was reflected in a higher level of aerobic endurance. The measurements also showed a positive improvement in the ability to withstand high exertion and a shorter recovery time, indicating enhanced anaerobic endurance.

The research concluded that wrestling training not only develops technical and tactical skills but also effectively contributes to strengthening fundamental fitness components, making it a comprehensive training method that can be utilized in athletes' physical conditioning programs.

The effect of rondo-style training in various forms and spaces on developing agility and complex technical performance in football players.

Dr. Jawad Halim Kadhim — 2025-12-01

This research aims to identify the effect of rondo-style training in various forms and spaces on developing agility and complex skill performance among football players. The researchers used an experimental design with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) using pre- and post-tests. The main experiment was conducted on players from Babylon Sports Club during the 2025-2026 season, totaling (28) players. They were divided into two groups (control and experimental), each consisting of (14) players. The researchers used the following statistical methods: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test) For paired samples, the independent samples t-test was used, and the researchers reached the following conclusions:

The study results showed a clear and genuine improvement in agility and complex skill performance among football players.
The experimental group demonstrated superiority over the control group in agility and complex skill performance among football players.
The study results confirm that rondo drills in various forms and spaces represent an advanced and effective training method for developing agility and complex skill performance in football players.

The Effect of Compound Exercises Using the SMIT Method on Certain Specific Abilities and the Performance of the Skills (Spin Move Lay-up & Crossover Shoot) in Basketball for Youth Players

Wameedh Ali Hassoon ALmali — 2025-12-01

The problem of this research, derived from field observations during play, centers on the weakness in the performance level of advanced offensive basketball skills. These skills involve the integration of basic skills and achieving a coordinated motor sequence along a correct movement path. The researcher believes that it is possible to use compound skill exercises that combine physical aspects and motor performance, resembling game conditions, by employing high-intensity training methods with moderate rest periods, suitable for the capabilities of basketball players. Most players suffer from a weak ability to link one skill to another despite having good individual basic skills. Therefore, the researcher aimed to conduct this study by preparing compound exercises using the SMIT (Specific Motor Integration Training) method, believing that it will contribute to developing certain special abilities (motor response time, coordination, speed-strength) and the performance of the two skills (Spin Move lay-up & Crossover shoot) for basketball players.

The objective of the research is to prepare compound exercises using the SMIT method and to identify the effect of these compound exercises on certain special abilities (motor response time, coordination, speed-strength) and the performance of the two skills (Spin Move lay-up & Crossover shoot) in basketball for young players. The researcher used the experimental method with pre- and post-tests for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population was determined as the young basketball players of Al-Hilla Sports Club for the 2024-2025 sports season, numbering 12 players. The two groups (experimental and control) were randomly divided, with six players in each group. The exercises prepared by the researcher were applied to the experimental group. Among the best conclusions reached by the researcher is that the skill-based physical exercises designed had a significant and effective impact on developing certain specific abilities (motor response time, coordination, speed-strength) and the performance of the two basketball skills (Spin Move lay-up & Crossover shoot) among young players.

The Effect of Using Some Training Scheduling Methods on Developing Visual Abilities and Learning to Perform Javelin Throws for Students

Asst. Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Obeid Abboud — 2025-12-01

The significant development witnessed in track and field events, particularly javelin throwing, through the achievements made at the international level. Through the researcher's observation and experience of training and educational lessons, based on his personal experience as a player, coach, and teacher of the javelin throw event, there is a lack of use of modern methods in teaching the event, as well as the lack of use of visual abilities, which play a significant role in learning. Therefore, the research problem arose from the use of new methods in the learning process of the event, in line with its importance, by organizing and scheduling the training methods used within the educational process of this event for students to achieve good results. The research aims to: 1. Identify the effect of using some training scheduling methods on developing visual abilities and learning to perform the javelin throw for students.

Identify the best training scheduling methods for developing visual abilities and learning to perform the javelin throw for students. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1. The fixed method contributed to the development of visual abilities and learning to perform the javelin throw for students.

2- The variable method contributed to the development of visual abilities and students' learning to perform the javelin throw.

1- The fixed method had an advantage in developing visual abilities and students' learning to perform the javelin throw.

4- The fixed method created an atmosphere of excitement, which helped develop the research variables.